Kuva i Belém kugera kuri buri cyumba: Munsi ya 2.8°C umuburo wa COP30, wihutisha ihinduka ry’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva kuri Net-Zero n’ibidukikije byiza byo mu nzu.

Kubera ko isi iri mu nzira y'ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 2.8, COP30 irasaba ko habaho imyaka icumi ikomeye yo gushyira mu bikorwa. Sisitemu yo guhumeka bizana ibikorwa by'ikirere mu nzu za buri munsi.

Itariki: 2025-11-18
Aho biherereye: Ubushinwa

Amatagisi:

• a. COP30
• b. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bidafite ishingiro
• c. Imisanzu yemewe n'igihugu (NDCs)
• d. Ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu
• e. Sisitemu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza
• f. Icyatsi kibisi n'icyatsi kibisi gike

Incamake y'Ingingo

Muri COP30 i Belém, muri Brezili, Umuryango w’Abibumbye na za guverinoma z’ibihugu bari mu biganiro bikomeye ku buryo bwo kugumisha ubushyuhe ku isi muri dogere selisiyusi 1.5. Inkunga zigenwa n’Igihugu muri iki gihe (NDCs) zigaragaza ko ubushyuhe buri hagati ya dogere selisiyusi 2.5–2.8, ibyo bikaba bihatira inzego zose kwihutisha ihinduka rigana ku byuka bihumanya ikirere bidafite imyuka ihumanya ikirere no kuzamuka kw’ubukungu.

Nk’ikigo gishinzwe ikoranabuhanga rirengera ibidukikije, turimo guhindura intego zikomeye zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere n’inyungu zifatika ku buzima mu ngo no mu nyubako binyuze muri sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza ikoresha ingufu nke kandi igenzurwa neza, bigatanga umusanzu mu bikorwa nyabyo muri iyi COP “yibanda ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa”.

COP30 mu buryo burambuye

Mu Gushyingo, abahagarariye ibihugu bigera kuri 200, hamwe n’abahanga mu bya siyansi n’abayobozi b’abikorera ku giti cyabo, bateraniye i Belém, umujyi winjirira mu ishyamba ry’inzitane rya Amazone muri Brezili, mu nama ya 30 y’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere (COP30).

Iyi nama, ikunze kwitwa "COP yibanda ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa", ifite intego isobanutse:

• a. Hindura intego ya dogere selisiyusi 1.5 mu bikorwa nyabyo
• b. Ibande ku myaka icumi ikomeye yo mu 2020
• c. Kurenga amagambo y'inyongera ukajya mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa bifatika

Dukurikije "uburyo bwo gushakisha" bw'Amasezerano ya Paris, ibihugu bigomba gukomeza buri gihe ibyuma byabyo bitanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere no gukomeza gukaza inzira zabyo zo kohereza imyuka ihumanya ikirere. Ariko, isuzuma ryakozwe rigaragaza ko:

• a. Nubwo imihigo yose iriho yashyirwa mu bikorwa neza, isi iracyari mu nzira y’ubushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 2.5–2.8.
• b. Ibi biri hejuru cyane y’ikigereranyo cy’ubushyuhe bwa 1.5°C gitekanye cyagaragajwe n’umuryango w’abahanga mu bya siyansi.
• c. Turacyari kure gato yo kwirinda ubushyuhe bwinshi, imyuzure n'izamuka ry'amazi y'inyanja.

Ibintu bitatu by'ingenzi bya COP30

1. a. Inzego ziharanira inyungu za NDC: Gushishikariza ibihugu gutanga imiti mishya ya NDC ijyanye neza n'intego ya 1.5°C.
2. b. Kongera ubwiyongere bw'inguzanyo ku bijyanye n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere: Gutanga nibura tiriyari 1.3 z'amadolari y'Amerika ku mwaka mu nkunga y'ihindagurika ry'ikirere, cyane cyane mu rwego rwo kugabanya no guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere.
3. c. Impinduka gusa: Gukuraho burundu ibikomoka kuri peteroli mu gihe hakirindwa imirimo n'uburinganire mu mibereho myiza y'abaturage, bigatuma ibikorwa byo kurwanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere bishingira ku baturage.

Kuva ku ntego z'ubushyuhe bw'isi kugeza ku nyubako za buri munsi n'ikirere

Impinduka ijya ku ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bidashingiye gusa ku mpinduka mu buryo bw'ingufu. Iranagera muri ibi bikurikira:

• a. Inyubako yose
• b. Buri muryango
• c. Buri cyumba kimwe

Ibi birimo "umwuka utagaragara" dukunze kwirengagiza. Inyubako n'ibikorwa byazo bigira hafi 40% by'ibyuka bya CO₂ ku isi, igice kinini cyabyo kiva mu buryo bwo gushyushya, gukonjesha no guhumeka.

Niba tubishoboye, icyarimwe:

• a. Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu binyuze mu gukoresha uburyo bwo guhumeka neza cyane
• b. Kunoza ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu hamwe no kugenzura neza

hanyuma dushobora gukata bucece igice cy’inyongera cy’ingero mu ngo zacu za buri munsi no mu kazi, tugahindura intego z’ikirere mo impinduka zigaragara za buri munsi.

Sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza: Guhuza COP30 n'Ubuzima bwo mu nzu

Kuva mu ntangiriro, imiterere y'ibicuruzwa byacu yashyize imbere intego ebyiri z' "ubuzima nta shingiro":

• a. Uruhande rwa Net-zero: gukoresha moteri za DC inverter zikora neza cyane na Gusubiza ubushyuhe ikoranabuhanga ryo kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu gihe cyo guhumeka no kugabanya ubwinshi bw'umwuka uhumanya ikirere, mu gihe hakiri kare kugira umwuka mwiza uhagije.
• b. Uruhande rw'ubuzima: gukoresha sensor nyinshi kugira ngo ugenzure CO₂ yo mu nzu, PM2.5 n'ibintu bihindagurika by'umwimerere (VOCs) mu gihe nyacyo no guhindura umwuka mu buryo buhamye kugira ngo umwuka wo mu nzu ugumane ahantu heza kandi hazima.

Guhumeka igihe cyose bikenewe

Mu bikorwa bifatika, sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza ishobora guhindura uburyo umwuka unyuramo hashingiwe ku mubare w'abawurimo ndetse n'ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu:

• a. Mu byumba by'inama, ibyumba by'amashuri bihuze cyangwa ibiro bifunguye, iyo urugero rwa CO₂ cyangwa PM2.5 ruzamutse, sisitemu yongera umuvuduko w'umwuka kugira ngo "isukure" umwuka wanduye wo mu nzu vuba.
• b. Iyo abantu bagabanutse cyangwa nijoro, bigabanya imbaraga zo gukora kugira ngo birinde gukoresha ingufu zidakenewe.

Iyi mitekerereze yo "guhumeka igihe cyose bikenewe" ntiyujuje gusa ibisabwa mu kuzigama ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere, ahubwo inanongera ubunararibonye bw'umukoresha muri rusange.

Impinduka ishingiye ku bantu ku buntu no ku buryo burambye

Ni ngombwa gushimangira ko impinduka ijya ku byuka bihumanya ikirere bidafite imyuka ihumanya ikirere ndetse n’ubukungu buhamye birushaho kumenyekana nk’impinduka zishingiye ku baturage koko.

Ntabwo ari ibijyanye n'ingufu nini n'imishinga y'inganda gusa, ahubwo ni ibijyanye n'uburambe bw'abantu basanzwe:

• a. Mu rugo
• b. Mu biro
• c. Mu mashuri
• d. Mu bitaro

Binyuze mu buryo bwo guhumeka umwuka mu nzu bufite karuboni nke, ubuhanga kandi bufite ubuzima bwiza, sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza itanga inzira ifatika kandi ifatika yo kwinjira muri iyi mpinduka ishingiye ku bantu no ku isi.Igihe cyose iyo irazima, kandi buri gikoresho cyose cyo mu kirere akorabyombi ni ukwiyemeza ubuzima bw'umuntu ku giti cye n'umusanzu muto mu iterambere ry'isi Igitego cya 1.5°C.

Kureba inyuma ya COP30: Kuva kuri 2.8°C ugana kuri 1.5°C

Turebye inyuma ya COP30 mu myaka icumi iri imbere, ururimi rwa dipolomasi ruzasimbura imishinga y’ubwubatsi, udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ndetse n’amahitamo y’abaguzi.

Byaba ari amashyirahamwe y’igihugu aharanira inyungu rusange cyangwa amashyirahamwe y’ubucuruzi, ibi byose bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa binyuze mu guhindura ibintu byinshi:

• a. Sisitemu z'ingufu
• b. Imirimo y'inganda
• c. Kubaka ahantu

Twizera ko ibikoresho by’icyatsi kibisi kandi by’ubwenge bigaragazwa n’uburyo bwacu bwo guhumeka umwuka mwiza bizagira uruhare runini mu bikorwa mpuzamahanga byo kuva kuri 2.8°C bikagera kuri 1.5°C.

Kuva i Belém kugeza ku mijyi hirya no hino ku isi, kuva mu byumba by'inama kugeza kuri buri cyumba, ingamba zo guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere zirimo kuba ikintu dushobora gukora:

• a. Reba
• b. Gukoraho
• c. Kandi uhumeke nk'umwuka mwiza kandi utunganye

Sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza w’ikinyejana gikurikira

• a. Komeza buri guhumeka kugabanyirize karuboni kandi bigire ubuzima bwiza
• b. Kuza intego ya dogere selisiyusi 1.5 mu buzima bwa buri munsi
• c. Koza umubumbe, uhereye mu cyumba kimwe

Ibiranga by'ingenzi

• a. Ingufu zikoreshwa neza cyane: Ifite moteri za DC inverter hamwe na modules zo kugarura ubushyuhe zikora neza cyane, iyi sisitemu itanga umwuka mwiza uhagije ariko ikagabanya ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi, igafasha abayikoresha kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi ndetse n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.
• b. Igenzura ry'ikirere ry'ubwenge: Ifite sensor nyinshi zubatswemo zigenzura ibipimo by'ingenzi nka CO₂, PM2.5 na VOC mu gihe nyacyo kandi zigahindura uburyo bwo guhumeka n'umwuka hakurikijwe ubwiza bw'umwuka wo mu nzu.
• c. Ubuzima bwiza n'ihumure: Imiterere myiza y'umwuka unyura mu kirere no kuyungurura mu byiciro byinshi bikuraho neza uduce duto tw'umwuka n'imyuka yangiza, bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura umwuka mu nzu kandi bikongera uburyohe bwo guhumeka.
• d. Kugaragara kw'amakuru: Udupapuro tw’itumanaho tugendanwa n’utunini tw’ikirahuri tugaragaza ubuziranenge bw’umwuka wo mu nzu, ikoreshwa ry’ingufu mu mikorere n’igabanuka ry’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bitanga ubufasha mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo ku imenyekanisha rya ESG ry’ibigo ndetse n’imibereho y’ibidukikije mu rugo.
• e. Guhuza sisitemu: Iyi sisitemu ishobora guhuzwa na sisitemu yo kwihutisha imikorere y’ubwubatsi (BAS) hamwe na porogaramu zigezweho zo mu rugo kugira ngo hagerwe ku igenzura ry’urumuri, icyuma gikonjesha n’umwuka uhumeka, bityo bitume habaho uburyo bwo kugabanya karuboni mu nyubako yose.

Guhuza na COP30

• a. Mu rwego rwa COP yibanda ku ishyirwa mu bikorwa, guhindura intego z’ikirere ku rwego rw’igihugu n’urw’imijyi mo ingamba zishobora gukurikizwa ku rwego rw’inyubako n’ingo.
• Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu mikorere y'inyubako no gutanga inkunga y'ikoranabuhanga ku bigo bikurura inkunga by'imari n'ingufu bya NDC.
• b. Mu buryo bushingiye ku baturage, guhindura ibidukikije bidafite ingaruka mbi no mu buryo burambye mu kirere cyiza ku bakozi, abanyeshuri, abarwayi n'imiryango.

Ibibazo n'Ibisubizo

1. COP30 ni iki?

Inama ya 30 y’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’Abibumbye ku birebana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (UNFCCC). Ibera i Belém, umujyi uri mu majyaruguru ya Brezili, kuva ku ya 10 kugeza ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2025.

Za guverinoma, abahanga mu bya siyansi, ubucuruzi n'abahagarariye sosiyete sivile bateranira aho ngaho kugira ngo:

• a. Gusuzuma intambwe iterwa n'amasezerano ya Paris
• b. Kuganira ku buryo bwo gushimangira imisanzu yemewe n'igihugu (NDCs)
• c. Gufata icyemezo ku bufatanye mu by'imari n'ikoranabuhanga bikenewe kugira ngo ubushyuhe bw'isi bukomeze kugabanuka muri dogere selisiyusi 1.5

2. Kuki COP30 ari ingenzi cyane?

COP30 ni ingenzi kubera impamvu nyinshi:

• a. Igihe cy'ingenzi: Urugendo rw'ibice bya NDCs ruriho ubu ruzagena imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi hagati ya b.2030 na 2035, ni cyo gihe cy'ingenzi cyo kugumana "umuyoboro w'ubuzima" wa dogere selisiyusi 1.5 hafi.
• c. Icyuho mu gushaka ubushake: Imihigo iriho ubu ivuga ku bushyuhe bwa dogere selisiyusi 2.5–2.8, ibi bikaba bidahagije na gato.
• e. Icyerekezo cyo gushyira mu bikorwa: COP30 igomba gutanga ibirenze ibyo mu rwego rwo hejuru; igomba gutanga gahunda zifatika zo gushyira mu bikorwa:
  • 1. Kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere
  • 2. Guhindura vuba ukoresheje ibikomoka kuri peteroli
  • 3. Kongera amafaranga yo kwishyura igihombo n'ibyangiritse
• f. Guhinduka gusa: Isi yose itegereje ko COP30 iteza imbere ihinduka ry’ubutabera nyakuri, iringaniza:
  • 1. Kurinda ishyamba ry'inzitane rya Amazon
  • 2. Inkunga ku bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere
  • 3. Imibereho y'abakozi basanzwe

Ku bigo, COP30 ni umwanya w'ingenzi wo gusuzuma inzira zabo bwite zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije no kwerekana udushya mu ikoranabuhanga ritangiza ibidukikije.

3. Ese ubushyuhe bw'isi bushobora kuguma kuri dogere selisiyusi 1.5?

Mu rwego rwa siyansi, gukomeza gushyuha kw'isi muri dogere selisiyusi 1.5 gusa ubu biragoye cyane, kuko ingengo y'imari isigaye ya karuboni irimo kugabanuka vuba.

Dukurikije politiki iriho ubu, ubushyuhe muri iki kinyejana bushobora kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 2.5–2.8. Ariko:

• Isuzuma ry’ubushobozi bwinshi ryerekana ko ibihugu biramutse byihutishije cyane kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mbere ya 2030, bikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ku isi hafi 60% bitarenze umwaka wa 2035.Haracyari amahirwe yo kugarura ubushyuhe hirya no hino 1.5°C mu gice cya kabiri cy'ikinyejana.

Muri urwo rwego, 1.5°C igomba gufatwa nk'umurongo woroshye wo gusimbuka/gutsindwa, ahubwo ifatwa nk'umurongo w'umutekano tugomba kwihatira kuguma hafi uko bishoboka kose.

Ibi kandi bivuze ko buri rwego—ingufu, inganda, inyubako n'ikoreshwa—rugomba gufata ingamba zikomeye kurushaho. Kuva ku ikoreshwa ry'ingufu zisubira ku rwego runini kugeza ku bicuruzwa bikoresha ingufu nke nka sisitemu yacu yo guhumeka umwuka mwiza, izi mbaraga zose zigira uruhare runini muri iyi nzira igoye ariko ikenewe ya dogere selisiyusi 1.5.